Module 6: Understanding Hacking Phases

Cybersecurity remains one of the most pressing challenges in today’s digital era. With computers and networks increasingly permeating every facet of society, vulnerabilities in systems can have severe ramifications. Research in ethical hacking – sometimes titled penetration testing – focuses on identifying weaknesses before bad actors can exploit them. This module examines the comprehensive process that a hacker, whether for white-hat or black-hat purposes, might use to infiltrate a system. Also details the methods typically employed, namely reconnaissance, scanning, gaining access, maintaining access, covering tracks, and executing actions on objectives. By understanding these phases and the tools frequently used, cybersecurity professionals can better defend their systems from attackers. It is important to reiterate that the methods discussed here are meant solely for education and research. Unauthorized intrusion or exploitation is illegal and can lead to criminal charges.